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Prebiotics vs probiotics: what is the difference?
By Manisha, Clinical Nutritionist. Published .
The two words sound alike and are often used as if they mean the same thing. They do not.
Probiotics are live microbes
The international scientific consensus defines probiotics as live microorganisms that, when given in adequate amounts, confer a health benefit on the host. Both parts matter: the microbes must be alive, and the benefit must be shown for that specific strain and dose. A product labelled “probiotic” is not automatically useful for every complaint.
Prebiotics are food for microbes
A prebiotic is a substrate that is selectively used by host microorganisms to give a health benefit. In everyday terms, these are mainly certain fibres, such as inulin and fructo-oligosaccharides, found in foods like onion, garlic, banana, oats and legumes.
What about dahi, buttermilk and idli batter?
Fermented foods contain live microbes, but they only count as probiotics if the strain and its benefit have been shown. They can still be a good part of a varied diet.
When to be careful
Fibres that feed gut microbes also ferment, and in some people, particularly with IBS-type symptoms, a sudden increase can worsen bloating and gas. Add them gradually and talk to a professional if symptoms persist. Persistent bloating, blood in stool, unexplained weight loss or pain that wakes you at night need medical evaluation.
References
- Hill C, et al. Expert consensus document: The International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics consensus statement on the scope and appropriate use of the term probiotic. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2014;11(8):506-514.
- Gibson GR, et al. Expert consensus document: The International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics (ISAPP) consensus statement on the definition and scope of prebiotics. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2017;14(8):491-502.
- Marco ML, et al. The International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics (ISAPP) consensus statement on fermented foods. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2021;18(3):196-208.
Medical disclaimer: this article is for general education and is not medical advice. It does not replace diagnosis or treatment by a qualified medical professional.